Although the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were also nomadic, in the view of Yin Zhiqiang, the degree of Chineseization of the jade in the Yuan Dynasty was much more pronounced than that of the Liaojin, because the culture of the entire Yuan Dynasty was dominated by the Han people, and the jade was greatly influenced by the paintings of the literati. The carving of large jade can be described as unprecedented.
In terms of the type of the device, the Yuan Dynasty jade can be roughly divided into two categories: utility and accessories. There are various types of jade cups, jade sea, jade, etc.; the jade ornaments are jade ornaments, jade belt hooks, jade hats, jade hair, jade belt buckles, etc. In addition, there are jade ink beds, jade arm rests, jade urns, jade stove tops, etc., which are used as houses. "The ethnic composition of the Yuan Dynasty society is very rich, culturally diverse, and different customs in different regions. Therefore, jade belt hooks and jade belt buckles are more common in the south, while the north wears hats more time, so the jade hat decoration is more popular. â€
In terms of craftsmanship, the Yuan Dynasty jade articles were drawn by developed literati paintings. In terms of patterns, in addition to dragons and phoenixes, there are pines, bamboos, and plums that literati like. The composition is not very full, and there is often room for it. Like landscape paintings, the pursuit of artistic conception, not like the artisan is too heavy. . Therefore, the jade articles of the Yuan Dynasty emphasize the overall shape, which makes people feel very angry. "We generally say that Xiaojiabiyu, small and exquisite, the Yuan Dynasty jade is beautiful, not informal, not very particular about polishing, usually only emphasize the perfection of the surface of the artifact, the internal production is more crude."
On the jade material, the jade material of the Yuan Dynasty is more mixed than that of the Liao and Jin Dynasties. The “Yushan Dayuhai†uses the Dushan jade of Nanyang, Henan Province. This also proves that Dushan jade as a kind of jade in the Yuan Dynasty has been Large-scale processing and utilization.
“Lushan Dayuhai†is also the most able to reflect the style and craftsmanship of the Yuan Dynasty jade. As the earliest large-scale jade, the “Yushan Dayuhai†has been circulated in history and has been recorded in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
According to the "Yuanshi", "Yushan Dayuhai" was made by the royal jade of the Yuandudu. It was completed in 1265 AD and was made by the Kublai Khan of the Yuanshizu. It has been placed in the Guanghan Hall. However, a fire on the day before the Dragon Boat Festival in the seventh year of the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty caused the Guanghan Hall to collapse suddenly. The "Yushan Dayuhai" and its base were forced to be transported away. After several twists and turns, the “Yushan Dayuhai†was separated from its base and flowed into the Zhenwu Temple outside the Xihua Gate. It became the pickle jar of the Taoist people.
It was not until the rebuilding of the Zhenwu Temple in the 50th year of Emperor Kangxi (AD 1711) that the value of this big “vegetable dish†was discovered by people. Therefore, it was moved to the temple and was called the “Jade†and became the town of Zhenwu Temple. The temple was heavy and the name of the temple was changed to "Jade." One day in the tenth year of Qianlong (AD 1754), the Emperor Qianlong visited the “Yuyu†and immediately recognized that the “Jade†was the famous jade carving that was handed down from the Yuan Dynasty – “渎山大玉海†. He immediately ordered people to buy the jade with a thousand dollars.
After the Emperor Qianlong recovered the "Liaoshan Dayuhai", he placed it in the Chengguang Hall of the Beihai Mission City, and ordered him to re-finish it four times. He also prepared a new base. Later, the Emperor Qianlong ordered another person to build a small pavilion in front of the Chengguang Hall, named "Yuyu Pavilion", which was specially used to house the "Shushan Dayuhai" and the new base. In addition, the Emperor Qianlong also wrote three poems for this national treasure, and engraved on the belly wall of the jade.
Looking at the whole "Liaoshan Dayuhai", the shape is thick and simple, and the momentum is magnificent; its carving decoration inherits and develops the "convex tactics" since the Song and Jin Dynasties, and the style is also quite ingenious. In the history of the development of jade in China, “Yushan Dayuhai†can be described as a landmark work – it not only pioneered the creation of large jade carvings, but also in the history of the world jade industry.
In the appreciation of the Liao and Jinyuan jade articles, Yin Zhiqiang believes that there are no more than the following rules:
First of all, even if the jade is pure and white, the ancient jade will inevitably have a patina, so in the identification, the patina is a very important basis;
Secondly, although the Liaojin jade is very fine, it is artificial, and it is placed under the high magnification magnifying glass. The traces of the handwork are still vivid. "The line can't be too straight, the meridians of the leaves can't be very thin, and the current imitations, because they are mostly machine workers, are beautiful and meticulous, and the lines are not messy."
In addition, to appreciate the jade articles of the Liao and Jin Dynasties, there must be a certain art cultivation, able to grasp the laws of beauty, and have a deeper understanding of the types of flower and bird paintings, court paintings, and literati paintings in the history of painting. "Because jade is an inseparable part of the whole society's arts and crafts at that time, if you talk about jade materials and knife workers, you may not be able to distinguish between beauty and ugliness. If you look at your life, you will not be able to improve your eyesight."
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